SQL dotaz pro získání prvního data v závislosti na aktuální skupině (~kontrolní přestávka)

AKTUALIZACE Nová odpověď na základě komentářů OP.

Můžete použít ANALYTIC funkce ROW_NUMBER a LAG .Něco jako, začátek skupinové metody:

SQL> WITH DATA AS(
  2  SELECT 100 EmployeeID, 'IT' Department, to_date('01.07.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt FROM dual UNION ALL
  3  SELECT 100, 'IT', to_date('01.08.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  4  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.09.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  5  SELECT 100, 'HR', to_date('01.10.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  6  select 100, 'HR', to_date('01.11.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  7  SELECT 100, 'CC', to_date('01.12.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  8  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.01.2015','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  9  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.02.2015','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual
 10  )
 11  SELECT EmployeeID,
 12    Department,
 13    DT
 14  FROM
 15    (SELECT *
 16    FROM
 17      (SELECT t.*,
 18        CASE
 19          WHEN Department = lag(Department) over (PARTITION BY EmployeeID ORDER BY dt)
 20          THEN 0
 21          ELSE 1
 22        END gap
 23      FROM DATA t
 24      ) T
 25    WHERE GAP = 1
 26    ORDER BY DT DESC
 27    )
 28  WHERE ROWNUM = 1
 29  /

EMPLOYEEID DE DT
---------- -- ---------
       100 IT 01-JAN-15

SQL>

STARÁ odpověď

Například,

SQL> WITH DATA AS(
  2  SELECT 100 EmployeeID, 'IT' Department, to_date('01.07.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt FROM dual UNION ALL
  3  SELECT 100, 'IT', to_date('01.08.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  4  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.09.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  5  SELECT 100, 'HR', to_date('01.10.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  6  select 100, 'HR', to_date('01.11.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  7  SELECT 100, 'CC', to_date('01.12.2014','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  8  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.01.2015','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual union all
  9  select 100, 'IT', to_date('01.02.2015','DD.MM.YYYY') dt from dual
 10  )
 11  SELECT*
 12  FROM
 13    (SELECT t.*,
 14      row_number() OVER(PARTITION BY department ORDER BY dt DESC) rn
 15    FROM DATA t
 16    )
 17  WHERE rn = 1
 18  /

EMPLOYEEID DE DT                RN
---------- -- --------- ----------
       100 CC 01-DEC-14          1
       100 HR 01-NOV-14          1
       100 IT 01-FEB-15          1

SQL>