Nejprve vypočítejte dekádu pro každý řádek
select floor(year(`year`) / 10) * 10 as decade
from tbl_people
a poté použijte tento mezivýsledek pro počítání SQL Fiddle
select count(*), decade, decade + 9
from (select floor(year(`year`) / 10) * 10 as decade
from tbl_people) t
group by decade
nebo tento SQL Fiddle , pokud chcete dekádu v jednom sloupci
select count(*) as count, concat(decade, '-', decade + 9) as year
from (select floor(year(`year`) / 10) * 10 as decade
from tbl_people) t
group by decade